In states that have severe winters, a LOT of legal latitude is given to the municipalities for repair time. The same crews that fill potholes are typically the ones that drive the plows. Top priority is given to plowing and maintenance of those trucks / machines for snow removal ops. Potholes are considered a normal hazard for Winter, Spring and early Summer months.
Typically under “normal conditions”, asphalt plants aren’t opening until the threat of snow has passed, so getting material to effect repairs is an obvious issue. During unusually harsh Winters (record snowfall, long stretches of unusually cold temps, etc), everything is pushed back in the maintenance schedule.
Knowing this, here in the Northeast we expect to dodge potholes until well into June - they can’t fix all of them in a week and have other issues to address via “triage”: the worst come first. I've had freak Spring thunderstorms with microbursts totally wash out a road. Obviously, restoring that road to a usable condition is more important than filling potholes on roads that are still considered "passable".
Construction sites are usually marked by signs and warnings to slow down - expect rough road conditions. They can be "let" sites (those being contracted out) or ones being repaired by a municipality. Damages in a "let" site can be
kicked down the road by the municipality that hired the contractor UNLESS there is an obvious case of neglect or violating "best practices" by the contractor.
Likewise, permanent hazards must be marked clearly (cattle guards, steel deck bridges, etc) at all times, and the public is "expected" to be alert to unique problems in those locations. Liability is usually a result of "neglect" in making repairs to "known issues" in a
reasonable amount of time (which is open to a Judge's interpretation).
Yes, driving is considered a "privilege" by most States, but the
liability becomes an issue when Taxes are being charged to the public and budgeted for the maintenance of those roads, and another issue entirely when referring to a Federal / Interstate Highway. The standards and response time are much stricter on those roads for obvious reasons.
And again, the law and liability changes on "private roads" (as does the word "trespassing") and "Seasonal Roads" - where a much lower level of maintenance is expected, so filing a complaint / claim for damage on those can be at best an exercise in futility, and at worst ill advised.
Ultimately, the responsibility of using public roads safely falls on the individual - except in obvious cases of
extreme neglect or
acts of God. Usually the cost to litigate responsibility for damages through their "normal use" is costly and often futile.
THE BEST FRIEND YOU CAN HAVE in any claim is PROOF of a problem, a record of it being reported (do it yourself - don't rely on "someone else" having already reported it), and showing how long it existed. A
Dash Cam or Cell Phone Camera with a date stamp might be just the proof you need to win a claim filed for damages.
Again, I've been on both sides of this issue. I "pay taxes" too - and so do the guys trying to fix ALL of the problems on ALL of the roads. They and their families use the roads too, so they want to get them fixed ASAP too. But sometimes things are beyond their control and $h*t happens. That's what we have insurance for.
Be safe out there! Someone wants you to come home to them safely. Sometimes I don't know why.....

j/k